Image 1: F-22 design evolution. Image Credit: Lockheed
Martin retrieved via Code One Magazine.
Table of Contents
- Intro: Air Superiority 2030 – A Non-Traditional Approach– Part I
- Backgrounder: Fleet Composition & Upgrades – Part I
- F-22A Deficiencies to Correct
- F-22C Enhancements
- Fleet Options & Building the F-22C Super Raptor
- F-22C Strategic Impacts and Implications
- Conclusion
Intro:
Air Superiority 2030 – A Non-Traditional Approach
In recent months, the
remarks of both senior USAF officials and service strategy documents depict a
fluid and increasingly questionable approach to conceptualizing, let alone developing,
an F-22 replacement. The latest iteration of the F-22 replacement was revealed
in June 2016 with the publication of “Air Superiority Flight Plan 2030” which
calls for a “penetrating counter air (PCA)” aircraft:
The Air Force must reject thinking focused on ‘next
generation’ platforms…Such focus often creates a desire to push technology
limits within the confines of a formal program…Capability development efforts
for PCA will focus on maximizing tradeoffs between range, payload, survivability, lethality, affordability, and
supportability. While PCA capability will certainly have a role in
targeting and engaging, it also has a significant role as a node in the
network, providing data from its penetrating sensors to enable employment using
either stand-off or stand-in weapons. As part of this effort, the Air Force
should proceed with a formal AoA in 2017 for a PCA capability.[1] [emphasis added]
Notably absent from the PCA description is maneuverability, the defining
characteristic of fighter aircraft for the past century. The description of the
PCA is an evolution of earlier USAF remarks which emphasize the service’s
desire to develop a non-traditional systems of systems approach to air
superiority in the 2030s to the replace the F-22. The study was led by Colonel
Alex Grynkewich, a former F-22 pilot, who believes the USAF must invest in high
payload-long range capable systems paired with unmanned assets such as the
loyal wingman; Colonel Grynkewich discourages using the term “sixth generation”
to describe the PCA.[2][3]
Image 2: Current 6th generation technology development efforts detailed by the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL). Some of these technologies can be integrated into the F-22 which will be discussed in subsequent articles. Image Credit: John ‘Beach’ Wilcox Director AFRL Munitions Directorate
Lt. General Holmes, Deputy Chief of Staff for
Strategic Plans and Requirements, has been a vocal proponent of a SoS approach with
respect to replacing the F-22. This SoS approach would be much more
minimalistic in the sense that it would not necessarily produce a sixth
generation F-X aircraft. Instead, it would produce several technologies within
a shorter time period i.e. 2025 which could be integrated into existing
platforms or deployed from modular purpose-built platforms as part of a wider
SoS architecture.
‘F-X would have been most likely like a
sixth-generation fighter and would have had a 20 or 30-year development
programme,’ Holmes said at an Air Force Association forum in Washington DC on 7
April. ‘What we want to try to do is solve the problem faster than that by
looking out across the range of options and building what we’re capable of
building instead of waiting for the next generation’.[4]
Given the growing traction of those who seek to develop
and integrate sixth generation technologies into existing platforms and field
new operational concepts in lieu of developing a new fighter (or substantially
delaying a 6th generation F-X as a result of upgrades), the option
to restart F-22 production merits further consideration. Congressman Randy
Forbes (R-VA), Chairman of the Seapower and Projection Forces Subcommittee
within the House Armed Services Committee, added a provision within the House
version of the proposed 2017 National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) which
would order the Air Force to study the costs of restarting F-22 production with
a goal of 194 additional airframes; the added 194 would enable the USAF to meet
its prior requirement for 381 airframes.[5] While its widely
recognized Congressman Forbes likely added the provision to bolster his
reelection campaign, which he recently lost the primary for, this article will
examine how the USAF could plausibly add additional capabilities to the F-22
fleet via the development of an F-22C “Super Raptor”.
Backgrounder:
Fleet Composition & Upgrades [Updated 7/4/16]
Prior
to an analysis of the F-22C and its additional capabilities, a brief overview
of the current state of the USAF F-22 fleet is necessary to provide a
contextual background. The F-22 program has survived a series of tumultuous
political and bureaucratic challenges which have terminated additional procurement,
realigned basing, and altered modernization plans. With a national security calculus
which put a greater emphasis on non-state actors over great power threats, Congress
curtailed F-22 production in 2009 to just 195 airframes of which 187 were delivered
to the USAF; Of those 187 airframes, only 123 are currently deployed to active
combat capable units as primary mission aircraft inventory (PMAI) airframes.
The following is a chart provided by Air Combat Command (ACC) which details the
current F-22 fleet by base and inventory type. ACC figures account for write-offs,
i.e. crashes, but the two test configured F-22As at Edwards AFB, CA are not
included by ACC as they are under USAF Materiel Command’s 411th FTS.
Thus, the current active F-22 inventory is 183 airframes of all types.
Image 3: Source: ACC A589/8XX, 15 January 2014. Retrieved
via “Air Superiority by the Numbers: Cutting Combat Air Forces in a Time of Uncertainty”,
pp. 21, Major Taylor T. Ferrell, 2014.
Image 4: “Aerospace Vehicle Programming, Assignment,
Distribution, Accounting, and Termination”, pp. 33, 2013.
The USAF had planned to
operate 381 F-22As of which 240 would be PMAI status thereby evenly forming 10
fighter squadrons (FS). Standard USAF fighter squadrons generally consist of 24
PAI aircraft and 2 BAI designated airframes; BAI aircraft are still assigned to
active squadrons but are often temporarily undergoing programmed depot
maintenance (PDM) prior to rotating back into the PMAI fleet such that another
two PMAI airframes become BAI and undergo depot maintenance.[6] The 123 PAI airframes, roughly half of the
earlier USAF requirement, were originally divided into smaller squadrons of
between 18 and 21 PAI aircraft accompanied by 2 BAI airframes.[7] As a result of financial pressures, the F-22
fleet underwent a major realignment in 2011 which was completed in 2014 in
which both the 7th and 8th FS at Holloman AFB, NM were
reassigned to Joint Base (JB) Elmendorf-Richardson, Tyndall AFB, Nellis AFB, and
JB Langley-Eustis. An effort was made to consolidate the newest and most
capable F-22As, namely Block 30 and Block 35 airframes, at Elmendorf and
Langley while older airframes were assigned to JB Pearl-Hickam and Tyndall such
that fleet capabilities are evenly spread between the East and West Coasts.[8]
The largest non-PMAI airframe
contingent of F-22As is based at Tyndall AFB within the Tyndall Schoolhouse.
These 31 Block 20 configured F-22As assigned to the 43d FS and are utilized to
train new Raptor pilots. The next largest contingent of non-PMAI airframes
resides at Nellis AFB, NV which are utilized for test and evaluation roles as
well the formation of new techniques, tactics, and procedures (TTP) by the 422d
test and evaluation squadron (TES) and 433d weapons squadron (WS) respectively;
Nellis’ F-22As feature a diverse mix of Block 20, 30, and 35 airframes.[9]
In 2010, the USAF planned
to upgrade 149 F-22As with Increment 3.1 capabilities bringing them to the
Block 30 standard; 87 of these 149 airframes were to be upgraded further with
Increment 3.2 capabilities such that the final PAI and BAI composition would
consist of 63 Block 30, 87 Block 35, and 35 Block 20 F-22As. It’s important to
note two write-offs have occurred since 2010 including 1 43d FS Block 20 at
Tyndall and 1 Block 30 at Elmendorf within the 525th FS.[10] The total cost of the Increment series of upgrades is $6.9 billion with all F-22 improvement programs through 2023 budgeted at $11.3 billion, 60% of these funds were spent prior to FY 2014.
In 2012, Government Accountability Office (GAO) documents show that the USAF plans to bring 143 F-22As to the Block 35 standard with full Increment 3.2 upgrades at a total cost of $1.5653 billion and a unit cost of $10.298 million per airframe.[11] These 143 airframes likely consist of 123 PMAI aircraft as well as those squadron’s accompanied 12 BAIs airframes and the remaining 8 airframes would plausibly be assigned to Nellis for TES or USAF Weapons School roles. Major F-22 upgrade programs are detailed below, the upgrades are generally understood to be associated with the following Block designations:
In 2012, Government Accountability Office (GAO) documents show that the USAF plans to bring 143 F-22As to the Block 35 standard with full Increment 3.2 upgrades at a total cost of $1.5653 billion and a unit cost of $10.298 million per airframe.[11] These 143 airframes likely consist of 123 PMAI aircraft as well as those squadron’s accompanied 12 BAIs airframes and the remaining 8 airframes would plausibly be assigned to Nellis for TES or USAF Weapons School roles. Major F-22 upgrade programs are detailed below, the upgrades are generally understood to be associated with the following Block designations:
- Increment 2.0 = Block 20 – earlier airframes upgraded to this baseline
- Increment 3.1 = Block 30
- Increment 3.2 = Block 35
Image 5: GAO vs USAF description of F-22 modernization
effort components retrieved via CRS. Auto GCAS capability has been withdrawn
from the Increment 3.2 upgrade and is now featured within the Update 5 software
modification. Much more detailed examination of F-22 upgrades is available
here: http://manglermuldoon.blogspot.com/2014/03/the-uncertain-future-of-americas.html
The F-22 Tactical
Mandates series of software upgrades have three principal objectives: reduce
the risk of fratricide, improve fourth-to-fifth generation communication, and complete
risk reduction measures for the Increment 3.2B upgrade via partial integration
of the AIM-9X.[12]
The most substantial Tactical Mandates components not listed under either Update
5 or Update 6 are Link-16 transmit capability and Identification friend
or foe (IFF) mode 5 integration. A total of 72 F-22As will receive Link-16 transmit
capability by 2020; the distribution of these 72 aircraft among the PMAI
squadrons and the nature of the Link-16 modification, i.e. use of L-3 developed
“Chameleon” waveform to reduce probability of detection, have not been
specified. [13]
In the interim period prior to the 2020 Link-16 upgrade, Raptor pilots will
continue to utilize a series of ad-hoc operational procedures to share
information over UHF and VHF radio with 4th generation pilots when
there are no Battlefield Airborne Communications Node (BACN) aircraft is not present;
Update 5 modified aircraft will also be able to utilize the Intra-Flight Data
Link (IFDL) GWY Mode as a means to communicate with 4th generation
aircraft.[14][15]
In 2014, pilots from the 422d TES tested the Scorpion helmet mounted cueing system
(HMCS) for integration with the F-22. However, the Scorpion was ultimately not
funded as the Air Force was struggling to fund Joint Requirements Oversight
Council (JROC) mandated items such as mode 5 IFF as part of the Tactical Mandates
program.[16] While integration of a
HMCS or helmet mounted display (HMD) may seem of greater utility
to F-22 combat capabilities than IFF upgrades, aircraft than have not featured
the latest available IFF standard have often been relegated to subordinate
roles or have had to adhere to strict rules of engagement which greatly
diminish the capabilities of their aircraft. For example, F-4 Phantoms often
struggled to identify distant radar contacts in the early years of the Vietnam
War such that full use of the Phantom’s beyond visual range (BVR) capabilities was
not realized until the fielding of the APX-80 IFF in 1972.
Image 6: BAE PowerPoint slide showing contract award for AN/DPX-7 transponder integration into the F-22. TACAN = Tactical Air Navigation, ADS-B = Automatic Dependent Surveillance – Broadcast, M5L2 = Mode 5 Level 2 – Broadcast. Image Credit: BAE systems.
Image 6: BAE PowerPoint slide showing contract award for AN/DPX-7 transponder integration into the F-22. TACAN = Tactical Air Navigation, ADS-B = Automatic Dependent Surveillance – Broadcast, M5L2 = Mode 5 Level 2 – Broadcast. Image Credit: BAE systems.
The APX-80 IFF was
developed under the “Combat Tree” program in which the U.S. covertly acquired Soviet
SRO-2 IFFs from Arab MiGs downed during the Six Day War. APX-80 equipped Phantoms
enabled pilots to not only recognize friendly IFF contacts, but also to
definitely recognize adversary aircraft at BVR.[17] Similarly, U.S. Navy
F-14As participating in the alpha strike against Tammuz AB during the opening
hours of the Persian Gulf War lacked electronic identification capabilities.
Tomcat pilots had to follow strict rules of engagement, “F-14s were not allowed
to sweep ahead of the US Navy strike packages (except for the far west H3
area). Instead they were relegated to close escort of the relatively defenseless
carrier-based aircraft”.[18] Despite the fact that the
F-14 arguably had the greatest BVR capabilities of any Coalition aircraft during
the Persian Gulf War as a result of the AWG-9 and APG-71 radars (for the A and D models respectively)
and AIM-54 Phoenix missile, it was effectively relegated to within visual range
(WVR) roles thereby greatly diminishing the capabilities of the aircraft.
Ensuing the F-22 is not sidelined in a future conflict for fear of fratricide, is
well worth delaying the integration of an HMD which is now scheduled for 2021.[19]
The Update 5 software
modification component of the Tactical Mandates program is actively being integrated
within the F-22 fleet, “The Update 5 Operation Flight Program (OFP) includes
Automatic Ground Collision Avoidance System (AGCAS), Intra Flight Data Link
Mode 5th to 4th generation IFDL capability (IFDL GWY Mode), and basic to Block
I AIM-9X missile launch capability".[20] Full integration of the
more capable AIM-9X Block II requires Increment 3.2B upgrades which prove two-way datalink functionality between the F-22 and AIM-9X Block II thereby enabling lock-after launch (LOAL) capability. Furthermore,
the symbology, possibly the weapons engagement zone (WEZ), for the AIM-9X is
displayed with AIM-9M characteristics on the F-22’s HUD under the Update 5
modification. Increment 3.2B will rectify the symbology issues but is not
scheduled to incorporate a HMD which facilitate AIM-9X HOBS. However, Raptor
pilots will still be able to fully utilize the AIM-9X’s increased range and maneuverability
enhancements over the AIM-9M as a result of the Update 5 modification. While the AIM-9X
integration component of Update 5 is significant, the AGCAS capability is
critical to mitigating the potential of future write-offs within the small F-22
fleet; the Update 5 modification also improves general software stability.
U6 will develop, test and field new capabilities and capability enhancements including changes driven by real world evolving threats, emergency/safety of flight issues, and deficiency reports. U6 Interoperability provides cryptographic updates required by the National Security Agency (NSA) to IFDL, Link-16, and Tactical Secure Voice (TSV) and development to maintain interoperability with the enhancements to Link-16 and Secure Voice networks. The U6 Interoperability program will absorb and build upon the development work already accomplished in the KOV-20 Cryptographic Modernization Program and integrate that development into a single Operational Flight Program (OFP) for fleet release. In addition, U6 Interoperability will develop and deliver software fixes identified as critical to the operational community. - Exhibit R-2, RDT&E Budget Item Justification: PB 2016 Air Force - PE 0207138F: F, 2015.[22] [Emphasis added]
While the current F-22
modernization program represents a holistic approach to increasing the combat capabilities
of the fleet with respect to suppression of enemy air defense (SEAD)/destruction
of enemy air defense (DEAD) roles, augmenting the F-22’s already formidable
beyond visual range (BVR) and within visual range (WVR) capabilities, and
improving 4th to 5th generation compatibility – planned upgrades
to not remedy deeper design deficiencies within the F-22A. While the F-22 is unambiguously
the most lethal air-to-air platform in existence, the F-22 was designed during the
1980s and 1990s under a different threat and technological environment. Namely
the F-22’s antiquated internal computing capabilities, software, high maintenance requirements, and limited
combat radius degrade the utility of the F-22 within the context of operating
in the Asia-Pacific against increasingly capable great power threats. Part II
will examine these deficiencies further in preparation for an analysis of what
features an F-22C could include which would both correct these shortcomings and
add new capabilities to the F-22 airframe.
PART II
Works Cited
[1] Air Superiority 2030 Flight Plan, USAF,
May 2016. http://www.af.mil/Portals/1/documents/airpower/Air%20Superiority%202030%20Flight%20Plan.pdf
[2] “USAF Ordered to Look At Raptor
Production Restart”, Combat Aircraft,
Volume 17 –Issue 6, pp.8, June 2016.
[3] “Don’t Call it ‘Sixth Gen’, John
A. Tirpak, Air Force Magazine, and
April 2016. http://www.airforcemag.com/DRArchive/Pages/2016/April%202016/April%2008%202016/Don%E2%80%99t-Call-it-%E2%80%9CSixth-Gen%E2%80%9D.aspx
[4] “USAF backs off sixth-gen
'fighter' in quest for air supremacy “, James Drew, April 2016. https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/usaf-backs-off-sixth-gen-fighter-in-quest-for-air-423994/
[5] “Facing Election Fight, Forbes
Pushes F-22 Revival”, Lara Seligman, April 2016. http://www.defensenews.com/story/defense/air-space/2016/04/21/facing-election-fight-forbes-pushes-f-22-revival/83352746/
[6] “Air Superiority By The Numbers:
Cutting Combat Air Forces in A Time of Uncertainty”, Major Taylor T. Ferrell,
June 2014.
[7] “F-22 Raptor Deployment”, Global
Security, last modified January 2016. http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/aircraft/f-22-deploy.htm
[8] “Moving Time”, Marc V. Schanz,
2011. http://www.airforcemag.com/MagazineArchive/Documents/2011/September%202011/0911moving.pdf
[9] “422d TES Order of Battle”, Aviamagazine,
last visited June 2016. http://www.aviamagazine.com/factsheets/orbat/422TES/index.aspx
[10] “USAF debates major upgrade for
F-22 Raptors”, Stephen Trimble, August 2010. https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/usaf-debates-major-upgrade-for-f-22-raptors-345808/
[11] DEFENSE ACQUISITIONS Assessments
of Selected Weapon Programs, “F-22 Increment 3.2B Modernization (F-22 Inc 3.2B
Mod)”, pp. 137-138, March 2016. http://www.gao.gov/assets/680/676281.pdf
[12] “Exhibit R-2, RDT&E Budget
Item Justification: PB 2016 Air Force - PE 0207138F: F”, USAF, 2015. http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/budget/fy2016/usaf-peds/0207138f_7_pb_2016.pdf
[13] “Critical Ingredient In Short
Supply”, John A. Tirpak, March 2016. http://www.airforcemag.com/MagazineArchive/Documents/2016/March%202016/0316f22.pdf
[14] “Exhibit R-2, RDT&E Budget
Item Justification: PB 2016 Air Force - PE 0207138F: F”, USAF, 2015. http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/budget/fy2016/usaf-peds/0207138f_7_pb_2016.pdf
[15] “Critical Ingredient In Short
Supply”, John A. Tirpak, March 2016. http://www.airforcemag.com/MagazineArchive/Documents/2016/March%202016/0316f22.pdf
[16] “Air Force Evaluating New Targeting Monocle for F-22 Raptor”, Dave
Majumdar, 2014.
https://news.usni.org/2014/05/16/air-force-evaluating-new-targeting-monocle-f-22-raptor
https://news.usni.org/2014/05/16/air-force-evaluating-new-targeting-monocle-f-22-raptor
[17] USAF F-4 Phantom II MiG Killers 1972–73, Peter E. Davies, 2005. https://books.google.com/books?id=r8PvCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT20&lpg=PT20&dq=phantom+iff+flight+lead&source=bl&ots=bRHq0Py5EC&sig=yWogREP7H2MgV28YIvrwM_usQEM&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjzlNLX_drNAhUJrD4KHVNuC_wQ6AEIVDAH#v=onepage&q=phantom%20iff%20flight%20lead&f=false
[18] F-15C Eagle vs Mig-23/25, Douglas
C. Dildy & Tom Cooper, 2016.
[19]
“Critical Ingredient In Short
Supply”, John A. Tirpak, March 2016. http://www.airforcemag.com/MagazineArchive/Documents/2016/March%202016/0316f22.pdf
[20] “Exhibit R-2, RDT&E Budget
Item Justification: PB 2016 Air Force - PE 0207138F: F”, USAF, 2015. http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/budget/fy2016/usaf-peds/0207138f_7_pb_2016.pdf
[21] Ibid.
Works Consulted
"Air Force F-22 Fighter Program", Jeremiah Gertler, July 2013.
"Final Environmental Assessment for Force Structure Changes at Langley Air Force Base, VA", ACC, 2011.
"F-22 Fleet Database", F-16.net
"F-22 Raptor History", Global Security, last modified January 2016.
"F-22 Raptor in Action", Lou Drendel, Squadron Signal, June 2011.
"Langley receives last Raptor, completes fleet", Chase S. DeMayo, 2007.
http://www.f-16.net/f-22-news-article2138.html
http://www.f-16.net/f-22-news-article2138.html
"Lockheed Martin to upgrade F-22 for AIM-9X missile", IHS Janes 360, 2014.
http://www.janes.com/article/45114/lockheed-martin-to-upgrade-f-22-for-aim-9x-missile
http://www.janes.com/article/45114/lockheed-martin-to-upgrade-f-22-for-aim-9x-missile
"Program Profile: F-22", Aviation Week Intelligence Network, last visited June 2016.
"Raptor's New Claws: The F-22 Stealth Fighter Is More Lethal than Ever", Dave Majumdar
http://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/raptors-new-claws-the-f-22-stealth-fighter-more-lethal-ever-15434
"Raptor's New Claws: The F-22 Stealth Fighter Is More Lethal than Ever", Dave Majumdar
http://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/raptors-new-claws-the-f-22-stealth-fighter-more-lethal-ever-15434
